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be engaged in espionage

Толкование Перевод

1 to be engaged in espionage

заниматься шпионажем

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > to be engaged in espionage
2 espionage

n

шпионаж

- be engaged in espionage

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > espionage
3 engage

1. transitive verb
1) (hire) einstellen [Arbeiter]; engagieren [Sänger]

2) (employ busily) beschäftigen (in mit); (involve) verwickeln (in in + Akk.)

3) (attract and hold fast) wecken [und wachhalten] [Interesse]; auf sich (Akk.) ziehen [Aufmerksamkeit]; fesseln [Person]; in Anspruch nehmen [Konzentration]; gewinnen [Sympathie, Unterstützung]

4) (enter into conflict with) angreifen

5) (Mech.)

engage the clutch/gears — einkuppeln/einen Gang einlegen
2. intransitive verb
1)

engage in something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen

engage in politics — sich politisch engagieren

engage in a sport — eine Sportart betreiben

2) (Mech.) ineinander greifen

* * *
[in'ɡei‹]
verb

1) (to begin to employ (a workman etc): He engaged him as his assistant.) anstellen

2) (to book; to reserve: He has engaged an entertainer for the children's party.) bestellen

3) (to take hold of or hold fast; to occupy: to engage someone's attention.) in Anspruch nehmen

4) (to join battle with: The two armies were fiercely engaged.) angreifen

5) (to (cause part of a machine etc to) fit into and lock with another part: The driver engaged second gear.) einrasten lassen

•

- academic.ru/24326/engaged">engaged
- engagement
- engaging
* * *

en·gage

[ɪnˈgeɪʤ, AM enˈ-]

I. vt

1. (employ)

▪ to \engage sb jdn anstellen [o einstellen]

to \engage an actor einen Schauspieler engagieren

to \engage a lawyer sich dat einen Anwalt nehmen

to \engage the services of sb jds Dienste in Anspruch nehmen

2. BRIT ( form: hire)

▪ to \engage sb jdn anstellen; company jdn beauftragen

3. ( form: hold interest)

▪ to \engage sb jds Aufmerksamkeit in Anspruch nehmen; (fascinate) jdn faszinieren [o begeistern]

▪ to \engage oneself in sth sich akk mit etw dat beschäftigen

4. (involve)

to \engage sb in a conversation jdn in ein Gespräch verwickeln

to \engage sb in flirtation einen Flirt mit jdm anfangen

5. (busy oneself)

▪ to be \engaged in sth sich akk mit etw dat befassen; COMM

the company is \engaged in international trade das Unternehmen ist im Welthandel tätig

6. (put into use)

to \engage the clutch einkuppeln

to \engage a gear einen Gang einlegen, in einen Gang schalten

to \engage the automatic pilot den Autopiloten einschalten

7. MIL

▪ to \engage sb jdn angreifen

8. TECH

▪ to be \engaged:

the cogs \engaged with one another die Zähne griffen ineinander

9. LAW (commission)

▪ to \engage sb to do sth contract jdn zu etw dat verpflichten

10. BRIT ( dated: reserve)

▪ to \engage sth etw anmieten; hotel room etw reservieren

II. vi

1. (involve self with)

▪ to \engage in sth sich akk an etw dat beteiligen

to \engage in combat with sb in eine Kampfhandlung mit jdm treten

to \engage in conversation sich akk unterhalten

to \engage in a dogfight einen Luftkampf führen

to \engage in espionage/propaganda/smuggling Spionage/Propaganda/Schmuggel betreiben

to \engage in politics sich akk politisch engagieren [o betätigen]

to be \engaged in trade with sb mit jdm Handel treiben

2. MIL angreifen

to \engage with the enemy/hostile forces den Feind/die gegnerischen Streitkräfte angreifen

3. TECH eingreifen, einrasten

▪ to \engage with each other cogs ineinandergreifen

4. ( form: promise)

▪ to \engage to do sth sich akk verpflichten, etw zu tun

* * *
[In'geɪdZ]
1. vt

1) servant, workers anstellen, einstellen; singer, performer engagieren; lawyer sich (dat) nehmen

to engage the services of sb — jdn anstellen/engagieren; of lawyer sich (dat) jdn nehmen

2) room mieten, sich (dat) nehmen

3) attention, interest in Anspruch nehmen

to engage sb in conversation — jdn in ein Gespräch verwickeln

4)

to engage oneself to do sth (form) — sich verpflichten, etw zu tun

5) the enemy angreifen, den Kampf eröffnen gegen

6) (TECH) gear wheels ineinandergreifen lassen

to engage a gear (Aut) — einen Gang einlegen

to engage the clutch — (ein)kuppeln

to engage four-wheel drive — den Allradantrieb zuschalten

2. vi

1) (form: promise) sich verpflichten (to do zu tun)

2) (gear wheels) ineinandergreifen; (clutch) fassen

3)

to engage in sth — sich an etw (dat) beteiligen

to engage in conversation — sich unterhalten

to engage in politics — sich politisch betätigen

to engage with sb/sth — mit jdm/etw in Beziehung treten

to engage in competition with sb — in Wettbewerb mit jdm treten

4) (MIL) angreifen

to engage with the enemy — den Feind angreifen

* * *

engage [ınˈɡeıdʒ]

A v/t

1. (o.s. sich) (vertraglich etc) verpflichten oder binden ( to do sth etwas zu tun)

2. become ( oder get) engaged sich verloben (to mit)

3. jemanden ein-, anstellen, Künstler etc engagieren (as als)

4. a) einen Platz etc (vor)bestellen

b) etwas mieten, Zimmer belegen

5. fig jemanden fesseln, jemanden, jemandes Kräfte etc in Anspruch nehmen:

engage sb’s attention jemandes Aufmerksamkeit in Anspruch nehmen oder auf sich lenken;

engage sb in conversation

a) ein Gespräch mit jemandem anknüpfen,

b) ein Gespräch mit jemandem führen

6. MIL

a) Truppen einsetzen

b) den Feind angreifen, Feindkräfte binden

7. Fechten: die Klingen binden

8. TECH einrasten lassen, die Kupplung etc einrücken, einen Gang einlegen, -schalten:

engage the clutch (ein)kuppeln

9. jemanden für sich einnehmen, (für sich) gewinnen

10. ARCH

a) festmachen, einlassen

b) verbinden

B v/i

1. Gewähr leisten, einstehen, garantieren, sich verbürgen ( alle:

for für)

2. sich verpflichten, es übernehmen ( beide:

to do sth etwas zu tun)

3. engage in sich einlassen auf (akk) oder in (akk), sich beteiligen an (dat)

4. engage in sich abgeben oder beschäftigen mit:

engage in politics ( oder political activity) sich politisch betätigen

5. MIL den Kampf eröffnen, angreifen ( with akk)

6. Fechten: die Klingen binden

7. TECH einrasten, ineinandergreifen, eingreifen

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (hire) einstellen [Arbeiter]; engagieren [Sänger]

2) (employ busily) beschäftigen (in mit); (involve) verwickeln (in in + Akk.)

3) (attract and hold fast) wecken [und wachhalten] [Interesse]; auf sich (Akk.) ziehen [Aufmerksamkeit]; fesseln [Person]; in Anspruch nehmen [Konzentration]; gewinnen [Sympathie, Unterstützung]

4) (enter into conflict with) angreifen

5) (Mech.)

engage the clutch/gears — einkuppeln/einen Gang einlegen
2. intransitive verb
1)

engage in something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen

engage in politics — sich politisch engagieren

engage in a sport — eine Sportart betreiben

2) (Mech.) ineinander greifen

* * *

v.

anstellen v.

belegen v.

einstellen v.

engagieren (Künstler) v.

mieten v.

verpflichten v.

English-german dictionary > engage
4 engagé

1. transitive verb
1) (hire) einstellen [Arbeiter]; engagieren [Sänger]

2) (employ busily) beschäftigen (in mit); (involve) verwickeln (in in + Akk.)

3) (attract and hold fast) wecken [und wachhalten] [Interesse]; auf sich (Akk.) ziehen [Aufmerksamkeit]; fesseln [Person]; in Anspruch nehmen [Konzentration]; gewinnen [Sympathie, Unterstützung]

4) (enter into conflict with) angreifen

5) (Mech.)

engage the clutch/gears — einkuppeln/einen Gang einlegen
2. intransitive verb
1)

engage in something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen

engage in politics — sich politisch engagieren

engage in a sport — eine Sportart betreiben

2) (Mech.) ineinander greifen

* * *
[in'ɡei‹]
verb

1) (to begin to employ (a workman etc): He engaged him as his assistant.) anstellen

2) (to book; to reserve: He has engaged an entertainer for the children's party.) bestellen

3) (to take hold of or hold fast; to occupy: to engage someone's attention.) in Anspruch nehmen

4) (to join battle with: The two armies were fiercely engaged.) angreifen

5) (to (cause part of a machine etc to) fit into and lock with another part: The driver engaged second gear.) einrasten lassen

•

- academic.ru/24326/engaged">engaged
- engagement
- engaging
* * *

en·gage

[ɪnˈgeɪʤ, AM enˈ-]

I. vt

1. (employ)

▪ to \engage sb jdn anstellen [o einstellen]

to \engage an actor einen Schauspieler engagieren

to \engage a lawyer sich dat einen Anwalt nehmen

to \engage the services of sb jds Dienste in Anspruch nehmen

2. BRIT ( form: hire)

▪ to \engage sb jdn anstellen; company jdn beauftragen

3. ( form: hold interest)

▪ to \engage sb jds Aufmerksamkeit in Anspruch nehmen; (fascinate) jdn faszinieren [o begeistern]

▪ to \engage oneself in sth sich akk mit etw dat beschäftigen

4. (involve)

to \engage sb in a conversation jdn in ein Gespräch verwickeln

to \engage sb in flirtation einen Flirt mit jdm anfangen

5. (busy oneself)

▪ to be \engaged in sth sich akk mit etw dat befassen; COMM

the company is \engaged in international trade das Unternehmen ist im Welthandel tätig

6. (put into use)

to \engage the clutch einkuppeln

to \engage a gear einen Gang einlegen, in einen Gang schalten

to \engage the automatic pilot den Autopiloten einschalten

7. MIL

▪ to \engage sb jdn angreifen

8. TECH

▪ to be \engaged:

the cogs \engaged with one another die Zähne griffen ineinander

9. LAW (commission)

▪ to \engage sb to do sth contract jdn zu etw dat verpflichten

10. BRIT ( dated: reserve)

▪ to \engage sth etw anmieten; hotel room etw reservieren

II. vi

1. (involve self with)

▪ to \engage in sth sich akk an etw dat beteiligen

to \engage in combat with sb in eine Kampfhandlung mit jdm treten

to \engage in conversation sich akk unterhalten

to \engage in a dogfight einen Luftkampf führen

to \engage in espionage/propaganda/smuggling Spionage/Propaganda/Schmuggel betreiben

to \engage in politics sich akk politisch engagieren [o betätigen]

to be \engaged in trade with sb mit jdm Handel treiben

2. MIL angreifen

to \engage with the enemy/hostile forces den Feind/die gegnerischen Streitkräfte angreifen

3. TECH eingreifen, einrasten

▪ to \engage with each other cogs ineinandergreifen

4. ( form: promise)

▪ to \engage to do sth sich akk verpflichten, etw zu tun

* * *
[In'geɪdZ]
1. vt

1) servant, workers anstellen, einstellen; singer, performer engagieren; lawyer sich (dat) nehmen

to engage the services of sb — jdn anstellen/engagieren; of lawyer sich (dat) jdn nehmen

2) room mieten, sich (dat) nehmen

3) attention, interest in Anspruch nehmen

to engage sb in conversation — jdn in ein Gespräch verwickeln

4)

to engage oneself to do sth (form) — sich verpflichten, etw zu tun

5) the enemy angreifen, den Kampf eröffnen gegen

6) (TECH) gear wheels ineinandergreifen lassen

to engage a gear (Aut) — einen Gang einlegen

to engage the clutch — (ein)kuppeln

to engage four-wheel drive — den Allradantrieb zuschalten

2. vi

1) (form: promise) sich verpflichten (to do zu tun)

2) (gear wheels) ineinandergreifen; (clutch) fassen

3)

to engage in sth — sich an etw (dat) beteiligen

to engage in conversation — sich unterhalten

to engage in politics — sich politisch betätigen

to engage with sb/sth — mit jdm/etw in Beziehung treten

to engage in competition with sb — in Wettbewerb mit jdm treten

4) (MIL) angreifen

to engage with the enemy — den Feind angreifen

* * *

engagé [ɑ̃ɡaʒe] adj engagiert (Schriftsteller etc)

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (hire) einstellen [Arbeiter]; engagieren [Sänger]

2) (employ busily) beschäftigen (in mit); (involve) verwickeln (in in + Akk.)

3) (attract and hold fast) wecken [und wachhalten] [Interesse]; auf sich (Akk.) ziehen [Aufmerksamkeit]; fesseln [Person]; in Anspruch nehmen [Konzentration]; gewinnen [Sympathie, Unterstützung]

4) (enter into conflict with) angreifen

5) (Mech.)

engage the clutch/gears — einkuppeln/einen Gang einlegen
2. intransitive verb
1)

engage in something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen

engage in politics — sich politisch engagieren

engage in a sport — eine Sportart betreiben

2) (Mech.) ineinander greifen

* * *

v.

anstellen v.

belegen v.

einstellen v.

engagieren (Künstler) v.

mieten v.

verpflichten v.

English-german dictionary > engagé
5 engage

en·gage [ɪnʼgeɪʤ, Am enʼ-] vt

1) ( employ)

to \engage sb jdn anstellen [o einstellen];

to \engage an actor einen Schauspieler engagieren;

to \engage a lawyer sich dat einen Anwalt nehmen;

to \engage the services of sb jds Dienste in Anspruch nehmen

2) ( Brit) (form: hire)

to \engage sb jdn anstellen; company jdn beauftragen

3) (form: hold interest)

to \engage sb jds Aufmerksamkeit f in Anspruch nehmen;

( fascinate) jdn faszinieren [o begeistern];

to \engage oneself in sth sich akk mit etw dat beschäftigen

4) ( involve)

to \engage sb in a conversation jdn in ein Gespräch verwickeln;

to \engage sb in flirtation einen Flirt mit jdm anfangen

5) ( put into use)

to \engage the clutch einkuppeln;

to \engage a gear einen Gang einlegen, in einen Gang schalten;

to \engage the automatic pilot den Autopiloten einschalten

6) mil

to \engage sb jdn angreifen

7) tech

to be \engaged;

the cogs \engaged with one another die Zähne griffen ineinander

8) ( Brit) (dated: reserve)

to \engage sth etw anmieten; hotel room etw reservieren vi

1) ( involve self with)

to \engage in sth sich akk an etw dat beteiligen;

to \engage in combat with sb in eine Kampfhandlung mit jdm treten;

to \engage in conversation sich akk unterhalten;

to \engage in a dogfight einen Luftkampf führen;

to \engage in espionage/ propaganda/ smuggling Spionage/Propaganda/Schmuggel betreiben;

to \engage in politics sich akk politisch engagieren [o betätigen];

to be \engaged in trade with sb mit jdm Handel treiben

2) mil angreifen;

to \engage with the enemy/ hostile forces den Feind/die gegnerischen Streitkräfte angreifen

3) tech eingreifen, einrasten;

to \engage with each other cogs ineinandergreifen

4) (form: promise)

to \engage to do sth sich akk verpflichten, etw zu tun

English-German students dictionary > engage
6 activity

n

1) часто pl активность, деятельность; действия, операции ( в определенной области)

2) хозяйственная деятельность, производственная деятельность

3) pl показатели ( в экономических исследованиях)

•

to abandon political activities altogether — полностью отказываться от политической деятельности

to accuse smb of subversive activities — обвинять кого-л. в подрывной деятельности

to ban all political activities — запрещать любую политическую деятельность

to bar smb from political activities — запрещать кому-л. заниматься политической деятельностью

to be engaged in an activities — заниматься какой-л. деятельностью

to be involved in an activities — участвовать в какой-л. деятельности

to boost a country's economic activity — стимулировать экономическую деятельность страны

to break off an activities — прекращать какую-л. деятельность

to carry out activities — осуществлять какую-л. деятельность

to check smb's hostile activities — пресекать чьи-л. враждебные действия

to coordinate smb's activities — координировать чью-л. деятельность / чьи-л. действия

to combine smb's activities — объединять чьи-л. действия

to conceal one's activities — скрывать свою деятельность

to conduct an activities — заниматься какой-л. деятельностью

to cover up smb's war time activities — прикрывать чью-л. деятельность во время войны

to curb illegal activities — пресекать незаконную деятельность

to cut down on one's spying activities — сокращать свою разведывательную деятельность

to dampen activity — снижать активность

to display activity — проявлять активность

to disrupt activities — мешать деятельности

to eliminate hostile activities — пресекать враждебные проявления

to engage in an activities — заниматься какой-л. деятельностью

to enhance social activity of the young people — повышать социальную активность молодежи

to examine activities — изучать / исследовать деятельность

to expand activities — расширять рамки деятельности

to expel smb for activities incompatible with his diplomatic status — выдворять кого-л. за деятельность, несовместимую с его дипломатическим статусом

to facilitate operational activities — способствовать / помогать оперативной деятельности

to finance new activities — финансировать новые виды деятельности

to focus activities on / upon smth — сосредоточить деятельность на чем-л.

to halt all military activities against smb — прекращать все военные действия против кого-л.

to initiate trading activities — начинать торговую деятельность

to intensify activities — усиливать / повышать активность

to limit smb's activities — ограничивать чью-л. деятельность / чьи-л. действия

to make a contribution to smb's activities — вносить вклад в чью-л. деятельность

to make up for the decline of economic activities — компенсировать спад экономической деятельности

to monitor smb's activities — следить за чьей-л. деятельностью

to mount intensive sabotage activity — развертывать активную диверсионную деятельность

to paralyze smb's activities — парализовать чью-л. деятельность

to participate in an activities — участвовать в какой-л. деятельности

to permit normal market activities — разрешать нормальную рыночную деятельность

to put a stop to smb's criminal activities — пресекать чью-л. преступную деятельность, положить конец чьим-л. преступным действиям

to refrain from political activities — воздерживаться от политической деятельности

to repress activities — подавлять деятельность

to restrain / to restrict smb's activities — ограничивать чью-л. деятельность

to resume one's activities — возобновлять свою деятельность

to review the activities — делать обзор деятельности

to set off a flurry of intense negotiation activity — давать толчок лихорадочной переговорной деятельности

to show activity — проявлять активность

to step up one's activities — повышать свою активность; активизировать / усиливать свою деятельность

to stimulate activity — стимулировать активность

to stir to activity — активизировать

to streamline the activities — рационализировать деятельность

to supervise and guide the activities — осуществлять контроль и руководство за деятельностью

to surpass the activities — подавлять деятельность

to take part in an activity — принимать участие в какой-л. деятельности

to terminate an activities — прекращать какую-л. деятельность

to uncover enemy's activities — разоблачать вражескую деятельность

to undertake activities — осуществлять деятельность, предпринимать действия

to widen the range of activities — расширять масштаб / поле деятельности

to withdraw from activities — прекращать деятельность

- abolition of military activities
- activity in the market
- activity incompatible with one's diplomatic status
- activity inconsistent with one's diplomatic status
- activity on the international scene
- activities against smb / smth
- advisory activity
- aggregate activities
- aggressive activity
- ancillary activities
- anti-democratic activities
- anti-government activities
- anti-militarist activities
- anti-national activities
- anti-popular activities
- anti-state activities
- area of activity
- backstage activities
- back-stairs activities
- banned activities
- basic activities
- behind-the-scenes activities
- black market activities
- business activity
- civil activity
- clandestine activities
- commercial activities
- competitive activity
- conspiratorial activity
- constant activity
- continuing activity
- continuous activity
- coordination of activities
- counterespionage activities
- covert activities
- criminal activities
- cultural activities
- current activities
- curtailing of military activities
- day-to-day activity
- decline in business activity
- defense activity
- defense industry activity
- defense-generated economic activity
- detraction and pollution of nature through the activities of man
- development activities
- diplomatic activity
- domestic activity
- dominant activity
- duplication of activities
- economic activity
- environmental activity
- escalation of terrorist activities
- espionage activities
- exposure of unlawful activities
- extension of IRA activity to Europe
- factional activities
- family planning activities
- field activities
- field of activity

- financial activities
- flurry of diplomatic activities
- follow-up activity
- forecasting activity
- foreign economic activities
- foreign policy activities
- fruitful activity
- full activity
- generalization of the activities
- global activities
- government activities
- government research activities
- growing activity
- guerilla activity
- heightened activity
- high priority activities
- hostile activities
- human rights activity
- humanitarian activities
- ideological activities
- illegal activities
- illicit activity
- industrial activity
- ineffective activities
- information activities
- intellectual activities
- intelligence activities
- intensification of activity
- intensive activity
- interconnected activities
- international activities
- investment activities
- involvement in espionage activities for a country
- know-how activity
- labor activities
- legislative activity
- leisure activity
- leisure-time activity
- level of activities
- long-term activity
- manifestation of activities
- mass communication activities
- military activities
- multifaceted activity
- nationalist activities
- nonmarket activities
- nonprofit activities
- nuclear related activities
- operational activities
- opposition activity
- organizational activities
- parliamentary activities
- peaceful activities
- permitted activities
- political activity
- practical activity
- primary activity
- priority activities
- pro-American activities
- production activity
- productive activity
- professional activity
- profit-making activity
- profit-seeking activity
- program activities
- prohibited activities
- project activities
- promotional activities
- propaganda activities
- provocative activities
- public activities
- public relations activities
- R & D activities
- range of activity
- rebel activities
- recurring activities
- regular government activities
- relaxation of political activities
- renewed activity
- research activities
- research and development activities
- Resistance activities
- revival of activities
- revolutionary activities
- sabotage activities
- scientific activities
- scope of activities
- seat of activities
- secessionist activities
- secondary activities
- service activities
- set of activities
- social and political activity
- space activities
- spate of terrorist activity
- special activities
- speculative activities
- sphere of activity

- spying activity
- statistical data processing activities
- subsequent activity
- subversive activities
- subversive and terrorist activities
- supporting activity
- tactical activities
- take-over activity
- technical assistance activities
- terrorist activities
- time-limited activity
- trading activities
- treatment of economic activity
- undercover activities
- underground activities
- underhand activities
- uninterrupted activity
- union activities
- verification activities
- vigorous activity
- volume of activity
- wartime activities
- work activities
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Politics english-russian dictionary > activity
7 World War II

(1939-1945)

   In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.

   In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.

   To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.

   The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.

   Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.

   Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.

   Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.

   Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.

   The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.

   The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.

   Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.

   In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.

   Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II
8 Murray, Matthew

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 1765 near Newcastle upon Tyne, England

d. 20 February 1826 Holbeck, Leeds, England

[br]

English mechanical engineer and steam engine, locomotive and machine-tool pioneer.

[br]

Matthew Murray was apprenticed at the age of 14 to a blacksmith who probably also did millwrighting work. He then worked as a journeyman mechanic at Stockton-on-Tees, where he had experience with machinery for a flax mill at Darlington. Trade in the Stockton area became slack in 1788 and Murray sought work in Leeds, where he was employed by John Marshall, who owned a flax mill at Adel, located about 5 miles (8 km) from Leeds. He soon became Marshall's chief mechanic, and when in 1790 a new mill was built in the Holbeck district of Leeds by Marshall and his partner Benyon, Murray was responsible for the installation of the machinery. At about this time he took out two patents relating to improvements in textile machinery.

In 1795 he left Marshall's employment and, in partnership with David Wood (1761– 1820), established a general engineering and millwrighting business at Mill Green, Holbeck. In the following year the firm moved to a larger site at Water Lane, Holbeck, and additional capital was provided by two new partners, James Fenton (1754–1834) and William Lister (1796–1811). Lister was a sleeping partner and the firm was known as Fenton, Murray \& Wood and was organized so that Fenton kept the accounts, Wood was the administrator and took charge of the workshops, while Murray provided the technical expertise. The factory was extended in 1802 by the construction of a fitting shop of circular form, after which the establishment became known as the "Round Foundry".

In addition to textile machinery, the firm soon began the manufacture of machine tools and steam-engines. In this field it became a serious rival to Boulton \& Watt, who privately acknowledged Murray's superior craftsmanship, particularly in foundry work, and resorted to some industrial espionage to discover details of his techniques. Murray obtained patents for improvements in steam engines in 1799, 1801 and 1802. These included automatic regulation of draught, a mechanical stoker and his short-D slide valve. The patent of 1801 was successfully opposed by Boulton \& Watt. An important contribution of Murray to the development of the steam engine was the use of a bedplate so that the engine became a compact, self-contained unit instead of separate components built into an en-gine-house.

Murray was one of the first, if not the very first, to build machine tools for sale. However, this was not the case with the planing machine, which he is said to have invented to produce flat surfaces for his slide valves. Rather than being patented, this machine was kept secret, although it was apparently in use before 1814.

In 1812 Murray was engaged by John Blenkinsop (1783–1831) to build locomotives for his rack railway from Middleton Colliery to Leeds (about 3 1/2 miles or 5.6 km). Murray was responsible for their design and they were fitted with two double-acting cylinders and cranks at right angles, an important step in the development of the steam locomotive. About six of these locomotives were built for the Middleton and other colliery railways and some were in use for over twenty years. Murray also supplied engines for many early steamboats. In addition, he built some hydraulic machinery and in 1814 patented a hydraulic press for baling cloth.

Murray's son-in-law, Richard Jackson, later became a partner in the firm, which was then styled Fenton, Murray \& Jackson. The firm went out of business in 1843.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Society of Arts Gold Medal 1809 (for machine for hackling flax).

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, Great Engineers, London (contains a good short biography).

E.Kilburn Scott (ed.), 1928, Matthew Murray, Pioneer Engineer, Leeds (a collection of essays and source material).

C.F.Dendy Marshall, 1953, A History of Railway Locomotives Down to the End of the

Year 1831, London.

L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986 (provides information on Murray's machine-tool work).

Some of Murray's correspondence with Simon Goodrich of the Admiralty has been published in Transactions of the Newcomen Society 3 (1922–3); 6(1925–6); 18(1937– 8); and 32 (1959–60).

RTS

Biographical history of technology > Murray, Matthew

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